History of Plastic Surgery ~ Part III (08-2004)
Reconstructive surgery did not reappear until the end of the 18th century. It was Europe that provided the basis of the modern era of reconstructive plastic surgery. Chopart's 1791 reconstruction of a lip using a flap from the neck was one of the first contributions to this rebirth. It is believed that a simple letter published in the Gentleman's Magazine (London, October 1794) by a British surgeon named Lucas, marked the beginning of a new age for reconstructive surgery. The article described a nasal reconstruction on a mutilated nose, using a forehead flap. The procedure took place in India and was observed by two British surgeons who subsequently publicized the event locally and stimulated the revival of interest in reconstructive surgery.
In 1814, Joseph Carpue, a British surgeon at York Hospital in Chelsea, England, practiced the procedure on cadavers and then performed the operation on a British military officer. Carpue reportedly performed the procedure in 15 minutes, without anesthesia. He published the account of several successful operations in Restoration of a Lost Nose in 1816, and with that, the "Indian rhinoplasty" again was revitalized in Europe.
Two years later in 1818, the German surgeon Carl Von Graefe, published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Using "plastic" to describe reconstructive surgery was popularized some twenty years later by Zeis in Handbuch der plastischen Chirurgie, Von Graefe cited many successful operations using the Indian and Italian methods and a newly introduced German method. Because of his many contributions to the field, he is widely considered to be one of the fathers of modern plastic surgery. Others followed and improved upon the contributions of their predecessors, as the scope of plastic and reconstructive surgery widened.
Aesthetic influence
Important changes took place that affected the entire the growing field of reconstructive surgery. Risks of surgery had been decreased through the use of anesthesia and thanks to the development of sterile technique by Lister and others. The notion of performing surgery for reasons other than reconstruction of damaged or altered anatomy slowly began to emerge.
John Roe, an American otorhinolaryngologist, is credited with developing the first aesthetic approach to rhinoplasty. In 1891, he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic reasons alone. In Germany in the latter half of the 1890s, Vincent Czerny was performing rhinoplasty for aesthetic ends alone.
Jacques Joseph, a German surgeon, is considered by most as the father of modern rhinoplasty. His extensive documentation analyzed, classified, and described repair techniques for the various types of nasal deformities. His Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik, published in 1928, was one of the most comprehensive and innovative texts ever written on the subject. He also invented a number of surgical instruments related to rhinoplasty, many of which remain in use today. These men formed and solidified the concept of surgery based solely on aesthetic considerations.
In 1814, Joseph Carpue, a British surgeon at York Hospital in Chelsea, England, practiced the procedure on cadavers and then performed the operation on a British military officer. Carpue reportedly performed the procedure in 15 minutes, without anesthesia. He published the account of several successful operations in Restoration of a Lost Nose in 1816, and with that, the "Indian rhinoplasty" again was revitalized in Europe.
Two years later in 1818, the German surgeon Carl Von Graefe, published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Using "plastic" to describe reconstructive surgery was popularized some twenty years later by Zeis in Handbuch der plastischen Chirurgie, Von Graefe cited many successful operations using the Indian and Italian methods and a newly introduced German method. Because of his many contributions to the field, he is widely considered to be one of the fathers of modern plastic surgery. Others followed and improved upon the contributions of their predecessors, as the scope of plastic and reconstructive surgery widened.
Aesthetic influence
Important changes took place that affected the entire the growing field of reconstructive surgery. Risks of surgery had been decreased through the use of anesthesia and thanks to the development of sterile technique by Lister and others. The notion of performing surgery for reasons other than reconstruction of damaged or altered anatomy slowly began to emerge.
John Roe, an American otorhinolaryngologist, is credited with developing the first aesthetic approach to rhinoplasty. In 1891, he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic reasons alone. In Germany in the latter half of the 1890s, Vincent Czerny was performing rhinoplasty for aesthetic ends alone.
Jacques Joseph, a German surgeon, is considered by most as the father of modern rhinoplasty. His extensive documentation analyzed, classified, and described repair techniques for the various types of nasal deformities. His Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik, published in 1928, was one of the most comprehensive and innovative texts ever written on the subject. He also invented a number of surgical instruments related to rhinoplasty, many of which remain in use today. These men formed and solidified the concept of surgery based solely on aesthetic considerations.
